1863–1875 cholera pandemic

The 1863–1875 cholera pandemic, the third significant cholera outbreak since the disease was first described, originated in India and spread to various parts of the world, including Europe, Africa, and North America. This pandemic was part of the global spread of cholera that began in the early 19th century and was characterized by several severe waves that resulted in high mortality rates. The outbreak was exacerbated by factors such as urbanization, insufficient sanitation, and poor public health infrastructure. Although the pandemic began to decline by the late 1870s, it left a profound impact on public health practices, leading to reforms in sanitation and the establishment of modern epidemiological methods.